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Scientific Studies: Nothing but Fraud?

Scientific Studies: Nothing but Fraud?

Do you only believe what can be proven by scientific studies? That's not always wise - as a US journalist recently proved. He authored a completely fake study and then sent it to over 300 online journals with a request for publication. Normally scientific studies have to be checked for their truth content before further experts are published. What do you appreciate? How many magazines accepted the fake study?

Do you also trust scientific studies?

Are you one of those people who believe in nothing or even use it themselves, if it has not been proven by a puncture-proof scientific study - of course placebo-controlled, double-blind and published in a specialist magazine?

Sometimes one wonders that these people venture out of the house at all, without having previously waited for a scientific study on the meaningfulness or potential danger of going out.

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Do we really need a study for everything?

The most plausible things are suddenly questioned - just because there seems to be no acceptable scientific study.

For example, you know certain herbs that have been used successfully for thousands of years for this or that purpose. But suddenly their harmlessness and their healing properties, which have already been proven long ago, massively doubted - just because there is (still?) No scientific study to do so.

Or take the colloidal silver. Sensational success especially in bacterial diseases such. Staphylococcal infections, for example, are on his account. Anyone who has already experienced colloidal silver itself knows how helpful it can be.

The geeks, however, persist and call:

"Where is your perfectly designed clinical trial that shows that at least 100,000 people with sinusitis recover colloidal silver faster than the placebo group, which should of course also consist of 100,000 subjects?"

At the same time, the study friends are full of fervor against colloidal silver because there are isolated cases of argyria. Argyria refers to the blue-gray skin discoloration (the whole body) as a result of silver deposition.

Photos and reports are also circulating on the net. Basically, it's always the same two or three photos of the same two or three people who have been suffering from the Argyria for decades.

However, millions of people now have colloidal silver in their medicine chest and use it when needed, and many people have also used high-dose therapies with colloidal silver (for example, Lyme disease).

Others - not a few - people use colloidal silver as supplements every day for years (though it is not) - yet none of them turns blue.

Considering all these millions of users of colloidal silver, if the threat of argyria from colloidal silver were realistic, many new argyrie cases would have to be made daily. But that does not happen.

Moreover, there is not a single scientific study to show that the proper intake of high-quality colloidal silver should be able to follow an argyria. By the way, nobody is interested in this (strangely enough) not especially the students.

Scientific studies for everyday things?

Yes, it even goes so far as to require that even basically obvious things be scientifically substantiated.

For example, we write that the natural excess of excess base is healthier than the conventional diet. Immediately the mails of the study dependents arrive:

"How do you know the over-abundant diet is healthier, do you have scientific studies on it?"

"How can you say sweets are unhealthy, and especially in what dose? There is not a single plausible double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, peer-reviewed study."

"Where are your scientific studies to suggest that the traditional diet of chips, pies, pizza and Currywurst should be able to promote disease?"

"Please duly prove with accepted scientific studies that drinking water should be healthier than that of cola.Otherwise, I have to question all your articles and assume that you are merely aiming to limit the quality of life of your readers and not even treat them to their daily liter of cola. "

"They say dairy cows are unhappy because they scream when they take the calf right after birth and I do not know of any scientific study that would focus on the emotional state of the dairy cows, so it could be the same to cry with relief and happiness, because now they are spared the tedious raising of their offspring. "

And so on…

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Only scientifically approved pills come into question

In cases of malaise and illness, the subject of the study swallows the pills of the pharmaceutical industry with enthusiasm. Because of medicines are so wonderful and numerous studies - in millions of mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, dogs and with luck, ultimately, to a few people.

With so much preceded Tierversleidleid you can enjoy the pharmaceutical pills apparently calm! After all, it is a privilege - from the point of view of the experimental animals - to make themselves available to science and to sacrifice one's life for the remedying of human civilization diseases - and all this, of course, only to help people, their often homemade complaints with pills because he just does not want to change his way of life.

"No side effect, no effect"

Although it is known that those scientific studies that show side effects, like to develop the property, inexplicably dissolve in the air. But that does not matter.

Because after all, we are all perfectly programmed and know that approved drugs MUST have side effects. "No side effect, no effect," we were told, right?

And we are right in the middle of the topic. Just as studies or study details can dissolve in the air, so they can emerge from virtually nothing at all - and indeed directly in a journal.

Supposedly scientific studies are much easier to forge (and publish) than previously thought.

If one believed so far that before the publication of a scientific study perhaps at one or the other detail still a little is turned, that another falls under the table and a third is sealed, so are "adjustments" of this kind downright harmless compared to John Bohannon's experiment.

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Fake study is accepted by 157 journals

The American journalist John Bohannon simply thought up a complete study. Together with employees of Harvard University, he brought the fake article in the right shape, so that he received an official appearance and sounded professional.

Finally, he incorporated some obvious errors in the data, methods, and the conclusion. Yes, he even added a chart that was in direct opposition to the data in the article.

Bohannon then sent the more than obviously false article to 304 online journals between January and August 2013 to have it reviewed for publication.

The shocking finding was that more than sixty percent of the journals accepted Bohannon's fake and flawed article demanding publication fees and publishing the fake study in their journals.

In other words, Bohannon received no less than 157 pledges for his erroneous study and only 98 rejections. Of the remaining 49 online magazines, 29 did not seem to exist or did not respond. 20 more needed more time to study the trial than Bohannon provided for his experiment.

Examination of scientific studies very often does not take place

"I expected ten to fifteen percent or, at worst, 25 percent pledges. However, an unbelievable 61 percent accepted my fake study! "Bohannan said, adding," The peer review is in worse shape than you ever imagined. "

Thus, 61 percent of the journals showed little evidence that the scientific studies published with them were in any way tested by experts.

Furthermore, since Bohannon's built-in errors were so obvious that u. It may be assumed that many scientific studies are not even read before publication - so you just seem to be happy to publish as many studies as possible and then collect the corresponding fees can.

"Trade magazines are dominated by conditions like in the Wild West"

Bohannan said that many of the online magazines did not even notice mistakes that would have been recognized by anyone with "a little more than basic chemistry skills". This sample shows that in the scientific editorial departments of some online specialist magazines states like in the Wild West prevail, so Bohannon.

And even if a review took place, a large number of publishers referred only to the layout of the study, the format and the language, less the content.

Only 36 journals drew Bohannon's attention to one or other of the scientific shortcomings of the study. But even of these 36 magazines finally accepted 16 still the article - despite his terrible mistakes.

Trade magazines in third world countries imitate reputable journals

Many of the journals that wanted to publish Bohannon's fake study have names like American Journal of Medical and Dental Sciences or European Journal of Chemistry, This makes them sound like serious magazines and try to get their reputation.

However, very few of these journals are then actually located in the US or in Europe. For example, the IP addresses of the two journals listed above have led to Pakistan and Turkey.

"We assume that the data is correct"

The editor-in-chief of European Journal of Chemistry, Hakan Arslan, Professor of Chemistry at the Mersin University in Turkey said that this was not a lack of expert scrutiny but rather a breach of trust on the part of Bohannons.

When a study is submitted, Arslan said in his email to Bohannon, "we assume that this is an original study and all the information provided is accurate."

The American Journal of Medical and Dental Sciences On the other hand, it did not take a position.

One-third of the journals Bohannon sent his study to were located in India, the world's largest open source scientific publication. Mostly the location was recognizable only by the bank data. 64 of the Indian journals accepted the study, only 15 refused.

The US follows as the second largest base for freely accessible publications. But here, too, there were 29 assumptions compared to 26 rejections.

Big companies cut the profits

Interestingly enough, even though the journals' publishers and bank accounts are located in third world countries, companies in the US and Europe are reaping their profits. In some cases, leading academic publishers head a whole journal network.

And so journals belonging to well-known publishing companies like Elsevier, Wolters Kluwer and Sage accepted the fake study by Bohannon.

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Profit more important than high-quality scientific studies

Bohannan's experiment thus shows that many online journals can not even detect gross errors in a scientific study. A reliable expert examination, carried out consciously and responsibly, is by no means a matter of course. Many journals publish scientific (?) Studies to calculate fees.

Worse, of course, is that if the bugs were discovered, the study would still have been published IF the author had paid thousands of dollars - as Bohannon had been offered.

While traditional academic print magazines must follow strict guidelines that seek to discard false scientific information, online journals provide an attractive opportunity for corporations to publish such studies and information that support industry interests and business, rather than less based on the truth.

So anyone who believes only what can be proven with supposedly scientific studies, quickly runs the risk of becoming not only a victim of his sophisticated intellect, but also a fraud.

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Scientific Studies: Nothing but Fraud?

FAQ - 💬

❓ How common is fraud in science?

👉 Based on the number of government confirmed cases in the US, fraud is documented in about 1 every 100.000 scientists [11], or 1 every 10.000 according to a different counting [3].

❓ What is scientific fraud example?

👉 Scientific fraud, an act of deception or misrepresentation of one's own work, violates these ethical standards. It can take the form of plagiarism, falsification of data, and irresponsible authorship.

❓ What are the three 3 categories of scientific fraud?

👉 The U.S. National Science Foundation defines three types of research misconduct: fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism.

❓ What is fraud in science research?

👉 Fraud can be fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism of data or even deception in conduct. Fabricating data involves creating a new record of data or results. Most commonly fabricated documents are Informed consent Forms and Patient diaries. Falsifying data means altering the existing records.

❓ Is fraud in science rare?

👉 “Scientific fraud is rare, so focusing on misconduct gives a distorted picture of research that will only give ammunition to critics, who want to cast doubt on subjects such as climate change and vaccine safety.”

❓ Why do scientists falsify data?

👉 “Scientists faking data know that they are committing a misconduct and do not want to get caught. Therefore, one strategy to evade this may be to obscure parts of the paper. We suggest that language can be one of many variables to differentiate between fraudulent and genuine science.”

❓ What is the most common form of scientific misconduct?

👉 Plagiarism is, perhaps, the most common form of research misconduct. Researchers must be aware to cite all sources and take careful notes. Using or representing the work of others as your own work constitutes plagiarism, even if committed unintentionally.

❓ What are the 2 other areas of scientific dishonesty?

👉 The three main examples of scientific dishonesty in this definition – falsification, fabrication and plagiarism – are also used internationally and are often referred to as ”FFP”.

❓ How many scientists fabricate and falsify research?

👉 A pooled weighted average of 1.97% (N = 7, 95%CI: 0.86–4.45) of scientists admitted to have fabricated, falsified or modified data or results at least once –a serious form of misconduct by any standard– and up to 33.7% admitted other questionable research practices.

❓ What are the four areas of scientific dishonesty?

👉 Falsification, fabrication, plagiarism and other serious violation of good scientific practice committed wilfully or grossly negligently by planning, performing or reporting of research results.

❓ How common is falsifying data?

👉 A pooled weighted average of 1.97% (N = 7, 95%CI: 0.86-4.45) of scientists admitted to have fabricated, falsified or modified data or results at least once--a serious form of misconduct by any standard--and up to 33.7% admitted other questionable research practices.

❓ How rampant is scientific fraud in biomedical research?

👉 Fraud may be rampant in biomedical research. My 2016 article "Broken Science" pointed to a variety of factors as explanations for why the results of a huge proportion of scientific studies were apparently generating false-positive results that could not be replicated by other researchers.

❓ Are there any cases of scientific fraud?

👉 A lot of fame and money can be made by scientists who make amazing or unique discoveries, and while this generally provides a motivation for good research, it is occasionally abused. This is a list of 10 cases of scientific fraud that fooled many people.

❓ What is research fraud in psychology?

👉 Research fraud is publishing data or conclusions that were not generated by experiments or observations, but by invention or data manipulation. There are two kinds in research and scientific publishing: Fabrication. Making up research data and results, and recording or reporting them.1

❓ Is research fraud getting worse?

👉 According to one study, retractions for research fraud increased sevenfold in only a few years. A second 2011 JME paper by Steen concluded that while rare, not only is fraud real, it’s getting worse.

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